Reproductive System
Genital Tract Embryology
| Primordial | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|
| Gubernaculum | Ovarian ligament Round ligament | - |
| Processus vaginalis | - | Tunica vaginalis |
| Undifferentiated gonads | Ovary | Testis |
| Theca cell | Leydig cell | |
| Granulosa cell | Sertoli cell | |
| Genital ducts | Frimbriae | Epididymis |
| Fallopian tube | Vas deferens | |
| Uterus | Seminal vesicle | |
| Upper vagina | Ejaculatory duct | |
| Urogenital sinus | Lower vagina | Prostatic utricle |
| Paraurethral gland of Skene | Prostate gland | |
| Greater vestibular gland of Bartholin | Bulbourethral gland of Cowper | |
| Urogenital fold | Mons pubis | Dorsal penile shaft |
| Labia minora | Ventral penile shaft | |
| Labioscrotal swelling | Labia majora | Scrotum |
| Genital tubercle | Clitoris | Penis |
Ligaments of Uterus and Ovary
| Ligament | Connects | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| Broad ligament | Uterus ~ Pelvis :: lateral | - |
| Round ligament | Uterus ~ Labia majora | Gubernaculum |
| Ovarian ligament | Uterus ~ Ovary | Gubernaculum |
| Infundibulopelvic [Suspensory] ligament | Ovary ~ Pelvis :: lateral | Ovarian vessels |
| Pubocervical ligament | Cervix ~ Pubis | - |
| Cardinal ligament | Cervix ~ Pelvis :: lateral | Uterine vessels |
| Uterosacral ligament | Cervix ~ Sacrum | Inferior hypogastric plexus |
Sex Hormone Production
| Hormones | Regulation | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progesterone DHEA Androstenedione Testosterone | ACTH | Adrenal gland | Adrenal gland |
| Progesterone Testosterone | LH | Corpus luteum Theca cells | Leydig cells |
| Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) Estradiol Inhibin | FSH | Corpus luteum Granulosa cells | Sertoli cells |
| Estrone | - | Adipocytes | Adipocytes |
| Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | - | Peripheral cells | Peripheral cells |
Estrogens in Females
| Estrogen | Estrogen Site | Precursor | Precursor Site | Enzyme | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estrone | Adipocytes | Androstenedione | Adrenal gland | Aromatase | Post-menopause |
| Estradiol | Granulosa cells | Testosterone | Theca cells | Aromatase | Non-pregnancy |
| Estriol | Placenta | DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) | Adrenal gland | Sulfatase | Pregnancy |
Sexual Development
| Female | Male |
|---|---|
| Thelarche | Gonadarche |
| Pubarche | Pubarche |
| Growth spurt | Adrenarche |
| Menarche | Growth spurt |
Age of Onset of Puberty
| Sex | Age (years) |
|---|---|
| Female | 8 ~ 13 |
| Male | 9 ~ 14 |
Semen Analysis
- Volume > 1.5 mL
- Sperm concentration > 15 M/mL
- Total sperm count > 39 M
- Normal forms > 4%
- Vitality > 58%
- Progressive motility > 32%
- Total motility > 40%