Substantia nigra
Nucleus | Function |
---|---|
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) | Vision |
Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) | Audition |
Ventral anterior (VA) Ventral lateral (VL) | Motion |
Ventral posterolateral (VPL) | Sensation below the neck |
Ventral posteromedial (VPM) | Sensation above the neck |
Nucleus | Function |
---|---|
Lateral | Hunger |
Ventromedial | Satiety |
Anterior | Parasympathetic |
Posterior | Sympathetic |
Suprachiasmatic | Circadian rhythm |
Supraoptic | Vasopressin |
Paraventricular | Oxytocin |
Structure | Input | Output |
---|---|---|
Molecular layer | - | - |
Purkinje layer | Cerebellar cortex | Cerebellar nuclei |
Granular layer | Mossy fiber | Purkinje cell |
Structure | Input | Output |
---|---|---|
Mossy fiber | Cerebrum & Spinal cord | Granule cell |
Climbing fiber | Inferior olivary nucleus | Purkinje cell |
Structure | Input | Output |
---|---|---|
Basket cell | - | Purkinje cell |
Stellate cell | - | Purkinje cell |
Granule cell | Mossy fiber | Purkinje cell |
Purkinje cell | Cerebellar cortex | Cerebellar nuclei |
Structure | Input | Output |
---|---|---|
Dentate nucleus | - | - |
Emboliform nucleus | - | - |
Globose nucleus | - | - |
Fastigial nucleus | - | - |
Group | Cranial Nerves |
---|---|
Pure sensory nerves | I & II & VIII |
Pure motor nerves | III & IV & VI & XI & XII |
Mixed sensory & motor nerves Branchial arch innervation | V & VII & IX & X |
Parasympathetic nucleus | III & VII & IX & X |
Solitary nucleus | VII & IX & X |
Ambiguous nucleus | IX & X & XI |
Pathway | Function | 1° Neuron | 2° Neuron | 3° Neuron |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN I | SVA | Olfactory epithelium | Olfactory bulb | - |
CN II | SSA | Retina | Thalamus :: LGN | - |
CN V | GSA | Trigeminal ganglion | Trigeminal nucleus | Thalamus :: VPM |
CN VII | SVA | Geniculate ganglion | Solitary nucleus | Thalamus |
CN VIII | SSA | Vestibular ganglion | Vestibular nucleus | Thalamus :: MGN |
Spiral ganglion | Cochlear nucleus | Thalamus :: MGN | ||
CN IX | GVA | Superior & Inferior ganglion | Solitary nucleus | Thalamus |
CN X | GVA | Superior & Inferior ganglion | Solitary nucleus | Thalamus |
Tract | Side | Functions |
---|---|---|
Dorsal column | Ipsilateral | Proprioception Touch Pressure Vibration |
Spinothalamic tract | Contralateral | Pain Temperature |
Lateral corticospinal tract | Ipsilateral | Motion |
Ventral corticospinal tract | Contralateral | Motion |
Neuron | Level | Side | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
1° Neuron | Periphery | Ipsilateral | Peripheral nerve |
Periphery | Ipsilateral | Dorsal root ganglion | |
Spinal cord | Ipsilateral | Dorsal column: Gracile fasciculus Cuneate fasciculus | |
2° Neuron | Medulla | Ipsilateral | Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus |
Medulla | Decussation | Internal arcuate fiber | |
Medulla | Contralateral | Medial lemniscus | |
3° Neuron | Thalamus | Contralateral | VPL nucleus |
Cerebrum | Contralateral | Internal capsule | |
Cerebrum | Contralateral | 1° somatic cortex |
Neuron | Level | Side | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
1° Neuron | Periphery | Ipsilateral | Peripheral nerve |
Periphery | Ipsilateral | Dorsal root ganglion | |
2° Neuron | Spinal cord | Ipsilateral | Substantia gelatinosa Nucleus proprius |
Spinal cord | Decussation | Anterior white commissure | |
Spinal cord | Contralateral | Spinothalamic tract | |
3° Neuron | Thalamus | Contralateral | VPL nucleus |
Cerebrum | Contralateral | Internal capsule | |
Cerebrum | Contralateral | 1° somatic cortex |
Neuron | Level | Side | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
1° Neuron | Cerebrum | Ipsilateral | 1° motor cortex |
Cerebrum | Ipsilateral | Internal capsule | |
Midbrain | Ipsilateral | Cerebral peduncle | |
Medulla | Decussation | Pyramidal decussation | |
Spinal cord | Contralateral | Lateral corticospinal tract | |
2° Neuron | Spinal cord | Contralateral | Anterior horn |
Periphery | Contralateral | Ventral root |
Structure | Level |
---|---|
Cervical enlargement | C5 ~ T1 |
Lateral horn :: sympathetic | T1 ~ L2 |
Lumbosacral enlargement | L2 ~ S2 |
Lateral horn :: parasympathetic | S2 ~ S4 |
Cervical plexus | C5 ~ T1 |
Intercostal nerve | T1 ~ T11 |
Lumbosacral plexus | T12 ~ S4 |
Lumbar puncture | L3 ~ L5 |
Neuron | Fiber | Sensation |
---|---|---|
I | - | Proprioception |
II | A-β | Touch Pressure Stretch Vibration |
III | A-δ | Sharp pain Cold |
IV | C | Dull pain Warm |
Receptor | Location | Sensation | Adaption |
---|---|---|---|
Meissner corpuscle | Papillary dermis | Touch | Rapid |
Merkel disc | Papillary dermis | Pressure | Slow |
Ruffini corpuscle | Reticular dermis | Stretch | Slow |
Pacinian corpuscle | Subcutis | Vibration | Rapid |
Free nerve endings | Papillary dermis | Pain Temperature | Rapid Slow |
Reflex | Afferent | Efferent |
---|---|---|
Pupillary | CN II | CN III |
Corneal | CN V1 | CN VII |
Lacrimation | CN V1 | CN VII |
Jaw jerk | CN V3 | CN V3 |
Vestibulo-ocular | CN VIII | CN III & IV & VI |
Acoustic | CN VIII | CN VII |
Gag | CN IX | CN X |
Nerve | Motor Function | Reflex |
---|---|---|
C5 | Elbow flexion | Biceps reflex Brachioradialis reflex |
C6 | Wrist extension | - |
C7 | Elbow extension | Triceps reflex |
C8 | Finger flexion | - |
T1 | Finger abduction | - |
L2 | Hip flexion | - |
L3 | Knee extension | - |
L4 | Ankle dorsiflexion | Patellar reflex |
L5 | Big toe extension | - |
S1 | Ankle plantar flexion Hip extension | Achilles reflex |
Stage | Waves | Disorders |
---|---|---|
Awake :: eyes open | β wave | - |
Awake :: eyes closed | α wave | - |
NREM sleep N1 | θ wave | - |
NREM sleep N2 | Sleep spindles K complexes | Bruxism |
NREM sleep N3 | δ wave | Sleep terrors Sleepwalking Bedwetting |
REM sleep | β wave | Dreaming Nightmares Tumescence |
Grade | ROM | Anti-Gravity | Anti-Resistance |
---|---|---|---|
0 | - | - | - |
1 | +/- | - | - |
2 | + | - | - |
3 | + | + | - |
4 | + | + | + |
5 | ++ | + | + |
Grade | Response |
---|---|
0 | None |
1 | Low |
2 | Normal |
3 | High |
4 | Clonus |