Head and Neck

Abnormal Physical Examination Findings in Hearing Loss

Hearing Loss	Rinne Test	Weber Test
Normal	AC > BC	Left = Right
Sensorineural	AC > BC	Lesion < Normal
Conductive	AC < BC	Lesion > Normal

• Air conduction (AC)
• Bone conduction (BC)

Abnormal Audiographic Findigs

Conductive Hearing Loss

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Mixed Hearing Loss

Noise-induced Hearing Loss

Presbycusis

Meniere Disease

Osteosclerosis

Abnormal Findings on Tympanometry

Type	Interpretation
A	Normal
Ad	Ossicular chain dislocation
As	Tympanosclerosis
B	Perforation
C	Eustachian tube dysfunction

Etiology of Peripheral Vertigo

• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
• Labyrinthitis
• Labyrinthine concussion
• Meniere disease
• Vestibular neuritis
• Vestibular schwannoma

Pathogens of Otitis Externa

• Enterobacter
• Pseudomonas

Pathogens of Otitis Media {SHM}

• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Moraxella catarrhalis

Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

• Allergen avoidance
• Intranasal H₁ antagonists
• Oral H₁ antagonists
• Intranasal corticosteroids

Treatment of Nonallergic Rhinitis (NAR)

• Intranasal H₁ antagonists
• Intranasal corticosteroids

Pathogens of Sinusitis {SHM}

• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Mucor and Rhizopus

Pathogens of Pharyngitis & Tonsillitis

• Group A streptococcus (GAS)
• Adenovirus
• HSV
• EBV
• CMV
• HIV
• Parainfluenza virus
• Influenza virus