Stage | Presentation |
---|---|
1 | Painless chancre |
2 | Condylomata lata Maculopapular rash |
3 | Gummas Aortitis Tabes dorsalis Argyll Robertson pupil |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
↓ Peptidoglycan crosslinking | Penicillin Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams |
↓ Peptidoglycan synthase | Glycopeptides: Vancomycin Teicoplanin |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
↓ 30S ribosome :: initiation complex | Aminoglycosides |
↓ 30S ribosome :: tRNA binding | Tetracyclines |
↓ 50S ribosome :: initiation complex | Linezolid |
↓ 50S ribosome :: peptidyl transferase | Chloramphenicol |
↓ 50S ribosome :: mRNA translocation | Macrolides |
↓ 50S ribosome :: mRNA translocation | Clindamycin |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
↑ Phosphatidylglycerol damage | Daptomycin |
↑ Phosphatidylglycerol damage | Polymyxins: Polymyxin B Colistin |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
↓ Dihydrofolate reductase | Trimethoprim |
↓ Dihydropteroate synthase | Sulfonamides |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
↓ Topoisomerase | Fluoroquinolones |
↑ DNA intercalation | Metronidazole |
Class | Penicillin |
---|---|
Penicillin | Penicillin G Penicillin V |
Penicillinase-sensitive | Ampicillin Amoxicillin |
Penicillinase-resistant | Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Dicloxacillin |
Anti-pseudomonal | Piperacillin Ticarcillin |
Generation | Penicillin |
---|---|
1° | Cefazolin Cephalexin |
2° | Cefaclor Cefoxitin Cefotetan Cefuroxime Cefmetazole |
3° | Non-anti-pseudomonal: Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime Cefixime Cefpodoxime Ceftibuten |
Anti-pseudomonal: Ceftazidime Cefoperazone | |
4° | Cefepime |
5° | Ceftaroline |
Brand | β-lactam | β-lactamase Inhibitor |
---|---|---|
Unasyn | Ampicillin | Sulbactam |
Augmentin | Amoxicillin | Clavulanate |
Tazocin | Piperacillin | Tazobactam |
Timentin | Ticarcillin | Clavulanate |
Brosym | Cefoperazone | Sulbactam |
Side Effect | Drugs |
---|---|
Nephrotoxicity | Cephalosporins Vancomycin Aminoglycosides |
Ototoxicity | Vancomycin Aminoglycosides |
Photosensitivity | Tetracyclines Sulfonamides |
Tooth & Bone toxicity | Tetracyclines |
Cartilage & Tendon toxicity | Fluoroquinolones |
Marrow toxicity | Chloramphenicol Trimethoprim |
QT prolongation | Macrolides Fluoroquinolones |
Microbe | Antibiotics |
---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus | Penicillinase-resistant penicillin Cephalosporins |
Streptococcus | Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin Cephalosporins Macrolides |
Bacillus anthracis | Carbapenems Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones |
Clostridium perfringens | Penicillin Clindamycin |
Clostridium difficile | Vancomycin Metronidazole |
Corynebacterium | Penicillin Macrolides |
Listeria | Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
Mycobacterium leprae | Dapsone Rifampin Clofazimine |
Mycobacterium avium | Macrolides |
Tropheryma whipplei | Penicillin TMP/SMX |
Actinomyces | Penicillin |
Nocardia | TMP/SMX |
Neisseria meningitides | Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin 3° Cephalosporins |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 3° Cephalosporins Macrolides |
Acinetobacter baumannii | Anti-pseudomonal β-lactams |
Bordetella pertussis | Macrolides |
Haemophilus influenzae | Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin 3° Cephalosporins |
Legionella pneumophilia | Macrolides |
GNB :: enteric | 3° Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones TMP/SMX |
Bacteroides fragilis | Carbapenems Metronidazole |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Anti-pseudomonal β-lactams Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones |
Bartonella henselae | Tetracyclines Macrolides |
Pasteurella multocida | Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin |
Helicobacter pylori | Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin Macrolides Metronidazole |
Borrelia burgdorferi | Tetracyclines Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin 3° Cephalosporins |
Treponema pallidum | Penicillin Tetracyclines 3° Cephalosporins |
Chlamydia | Tetracyclines Macrolides |
Rickettsia | Tetracyclines Macrolides |
Pneumocystis jiroveci | TMP/SMX |
Anaerobes | β-lactams & β-lactamase inhibitors Carbapenems Clindamycin Metronidazole |
Microbe | Antibiotics |
---|---|
MRSA | Clindamycin TMP-SMX Ceftaroline Vancomycin Teicoplanin Linezolid Daptomycin |
VRE | Teicoplanin Linezolid Daptomycin |
ESBL | Carbapenems Tigecycline Polymyxins |
CRE | Tigecycline Polymyxins |
MDRAB | Tigecyclin Polymyxins |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
↓ β-Glucan synthase | Echinocandins [-Fungins]: Anidulafungin Capsofungin Micafungin | Candida Aspergillus |
↑ Ergosterol damage | Amphotericin B | Fungus |
Nystatin | Candida | |
↓ Squalene epoxidase | Terbinafine | Dermatophytes |
↓ Demethylase | -Conazoles | Fungus |
↓ Thymidylate synthase | Flucytosine | Cryptococcus |
↓ Microtubule assembly | Griseofulvin | Dermatophytes |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Entamoeba histolytica | Amebiasis & Bloody diarrhea | Metronidazole |
Cryptosporidium | Watery diarrhea | Nitazoxanide |
Giardia lamblia | Giardiasis & Fatty diarrhea | Metronidazole |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Acanthamoeba | Amebic meningoencephalitis | -Conazoles |
Naegleria fowleri | Amebic meningoencephalitis | Amphotericin B |
Toxoplasma gondii | Toxoplasmosis | Pyrimethamine Sulfadiazine |
Trypanosoma brucei | African sleeping sickness | Suramin Melarsoprol |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Babesia | Babesiosis | Atovaquone Azithromycin |
Plasmodium | Malaria | Chloroquine Primaquine Mefloquine Atovaquone-Proguanil Artemisinin |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Trypanosoma cruzi | Chagas disease | Benznidazole Nifurtimox |
Leishmania donovani | Leishmaniasis | Amphotericin B Stibogluconate |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Trichomonas vaginalis | Vaginitis | Metronidazole |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Taenia solium | Neurocysticercosis | Praziquantel |
Taenia saginata | Cysticercosis | Praziquantel |
Echinococcus | Hydatid cyst disease | Benzimidazole |
Diphyllobothrium latum | Vitamin B12 deficiency | Praziquantel |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Clonorchis sinensis | Biliary Tract Infection (BTI) Cholangiocarcinoma | Praziquantel |
Paragonimus westermani | Respiratory symptoms | Praziquantel |
Schistosoma | Katayama fever | Praziquantel |
Schistosoma haematobium | Hematuria Bladder cancer | Praziquantel |
Schistosoma mansoni | Portal hypertension | Praziquantel |
Schistosoma japonicum | Portal hypertension | Praziquantel |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Enterobius vermicularis | Perianal pruritis | Benzimidazole Pyrantel pamoate |
Ascaris lumbricoides | GI symptoms Respiratory symptoms | Benzimidazole Pyrantel pamoate |
Trichuris trichiura | GI symptoms | Benzimidazole |
Trichinella spiralis | Myalgia & Periorbital edema | Benzimidazole |
Toxocara | Visceral larva migrans | Benzimidazole |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Strongyloides stercoralis | GI symptoms | Benzimidazole Ivermectin |
Ancylostoma duodenale | Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) Cutaneous larva migrans | Benzimidazole Pyrantel pamoate |
Necator americanus | Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) | Benzimidazole Pyrantel pamoate |
Parasite | Disease | Treatment |
---|---|---|
Wucheria bancrofti | Elephantiasis | Diethylcarbamazine |
Onchocerca volvulus | River blindness | Ivermectin |
Loa loa | Calabar swelling | Diethylcarbamazine |
Dracunculus medinensis | Skin ulceration | Niridazole |
Diagnosis | HBsAg | Anti-HBs | Anti-HBc |
---|---|---|---|
Infection :: acute | + | - | IgM |
Infection :: chronic | + | - | IgG |
Window | - | - | IgM / IgG |
Recovery | - | + | IgG |
Vaccination | - | + | - |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
↓ Gp120 | Maraviroc | HIV |
↓ Gp41 | Enfuvirtide | HIV |
↓ M2 channel | Amantadine Rimantadine | Influenza |
↓ Neuraminidase | Oseltamivir Zanamivir | Influenza |
↓ IMP dehydrogenase | Ribavirin | RSV & HCV |
↓ Reverse transcriptase :: nucleoside (NRTI) | Adefovir Entecavir Telbivudine | HBV |
Abacavir Emtricitabine Stavudine Zidovudine Didanosine | HIV | |
Lamivudine Tenofovir | HBV & HIV | |
↓ Reverse transcriptase :: non-nucleoside (NNRTI) | Delavirdine Efavirenz Nevirapine | HIV |
↓ Integrase (INSTI) | -Gravirs | HIV |
↓ Protease (PI) :: Pol | -Navirs | HIV |
↓ Protease (PI) :: NS3/4A | -Previrs | HCV |
↓ DNA polymerase | Acyclovir | HSV & VZV |
Famciclovir | HSV & VZV | |
Ganciclovir | CMV | |
Cidofovir | HSV & CMV | |
Foscarnet | HSV & CMV | |
↓ Protein synthesis | IFN-α | HBV & HCV |
Microbe | Rash |
---|---|
Coxsackie A virus | Hand-foot-mouth disease |
Rickettsia rickettsii | Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) |
Treponema pallidum | Syphilis |
Pathogen | Presentation | Transmission |
---|---|---|
Toxoplasma | Intracranial calcifications Hydrocephalus Chorioretinitis | Transplacental |
Rubella | Cataracts Deafness PDA | Transplacental |
CMV | Periventricular calcifications Chorioretinitis Deafness | Transplacental |
HSV | Encephalitis Herpetic whitlow | Intrapartum |
HIV | AIDS | Intrapartum Breastfeeding |
Syphilis | Deafness Saddle nose Hutchinson teeth Saber shins | Transplacental Intrapartum |
Parvovirus B19 | Hydrops fetalis | Transplacental |
GBS Escherichia coli Listeria | Pneumonia Meningitis | Intrapartum |
Neisseria gonorrhoea Chlamydia trachomatis | Conjunctivitis | Intrapartum |
Microbe | Arthropod | Disease |
---|---|---|
Babesia | Tick | Babesiosis |
Borrelia burgdorferi | Tick | Lyme disease |
Borrelia recurrentis | Louse | Relapsing fever |
Francisella tularensis | Tick | Tularemia |
Ehrlichia chaffeensis | Tick | Ehrlichiosis |
Rickettsia rickettsii | Tick | Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) |
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | Mite | Scrub typhus |
Rickettsia prowazekii | Louse | Epidemic typhus |
Rickettsia typhi | Flea | Endemic typhus |
Yersinia pestis | Flea | Plague |
Yellow fever virus | Mosquito :: Aedes | Yellow fever |
Dengue virus | Mosquito :: Aedes | Dengue fever |
Chikungunya virus | Mosquito :: Aedes | Chikungunya fever |
Zika virus | Mosquito :: Aedes | Zika fever |
Japanese encephalitis virus | Mosquito :: Culix | Japanese encephalitis |
Plasmodium | Mosquito :: Anopheles | Malaria |
Trypanosoma brucei | Tsetse fly | African sleeping sickness |
Trypanosoma cruzi | Reduviid bug [Kissing bug] | Chagas disease |
Leishmania donovani | Sandfly | Leishmaniasis |
Type | Vaccines |
---|---|
Live attenuated | BCG Rotavirus Varicella zoster virus (VZV) Mumps & Measles & Rubella (MMR) Yellow fever |
Inactivated | Poliovirus Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Influenza Rabies |
Subunit | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) Pneumococcus Meningococcus Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) Pertusis |
Toxoid | Diphtheria Tetanus |
Vaccine | Month |
---|---|
BCG | 0 |
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | 0 & 1 & 6 |
Rotavirus | 2 & 4 & 6 |
Pneumococcus | 2 & 4 & 6 & 12 |
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) | 2 & 4 & 6 & 12 |
Diphtheria & Tetanus & Pertussis (DTaP) | 2 & 4 & 6 & 18 & 48 |
Poliovirus | 2 & 4 & 6 & 48 |
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | 12 & 18 |
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) | 12 & 48 |
Mumps & Measles & Rubella (MMR) | 12 & 48 |
Japanese encephalitis (JE) | 15 & 27 |
Microbe | Source | Immunity | Management |
---|---|---|---|
HBV | + | -/? | Vaccine & IVIG |
? | -/? | Vaccine | |
VZV | + | -/? | Vaccine / IVIG |
Measles | + | -/? | Vaccine / IVIG |
Rubella | + | -/? | Vaccine / IVIG |
Rabies | +/? | - | Vaccine & IVIG |
? | Vaccine | ||
HIV | +/? | -/? | HAART |
Meningitis | + | -/? | Rifampicin 3° Cephalosporins |
Pertusis | + | -/? | Antibiotics |
Tetanus | + | - | Vaccine & IVIG |
? | Vaccine | ||
? | -/? | Vaccine | |
Tuberculosis | + | -/? | Antibiotics |
Anthrax | + | -/? | Vaccine & Antibiotics |