Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Ca channel blockers | Dantrolene | Malignant hyperthermia NMS |
ACh release inhibitors | Botulinum toxin | Muscle relaxant |
NM agonists | Succinylcholine | Anesthesia |
NM antagonists | Atracurium Rocuronium | Anesthesia |
α2 agonists | Tizanidine | Multiple sclerosis Cerebral palsy |
NMDA antagonists | Riluzole | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
GABAB agonists | Baclofen | Multiple sclerosis Cerebral palsy |
Nerve | Injury | Muscles | Signs |
---|---|---|---|
Brachial plexus | Clavicle fracture Pancoast tumor | Arm | Thoracic outlet syndrome |
Upper trunk: Suprascapular nerve Axillary nerve Musculocutaneous nerve | Clavicle fracture Lateral traction on neck | Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Deltoid Biceps brachii | Erb palsy Waiter's tip |
Lower trunk: Median nerve Ulnar nerve Radial nerve | Clavicle fracture Upward force on arm | Flexor digitorum profundus Lumbrical muscle | Klumpke palsy Thoracic outlet syndrome Total claw hand |
Long thoracic nerve | Clavicle fracture | Serratus anterior | Winged scapula |
Axillary nerve | Anterior shoulder dislocation Proximal humerus fracture | Deltoid Teres minor | - |
Median nerve :: proximal | Supracondylar humerus fracture | Flexor digitorum profundus :: 1st & 2nd | Pope's blessing |
Median nerve :: distal | Carpal tunnel syndrome | Lumbrical muscle :: 1st & 2nd | Median claw hand |
Ulnar nerve :: proximal | Medial epicondyle fracture Cubital tunnel syndrome | Flexor digitorum profundus :: 3rd & 4th | OK gesture |
Ulnar nerve :: distal | Hook of hamate fracture Guyon canal syndrome | Lumbrical muscle :: 3rd & 4th | Ulnar claw hand |
Radial nerve | Midshaft humerus fracture | Posterior compartment of forearm | Saturday night palsy Wrist drop |
Obturator nerve | Anterior hip dislocation | Medial compartment of thigh | - |
Femoral nerve | - | Anterior compartment of thigh | - |
Common fibular nerve | Fibular neck fracture | Anterior compartment of leg Lateral compartment of leg | Foot drop |
Tibial nerve | Baker cyst Tarsal tunnel syndrome | Posterior compartment of leg | - |
Sciatic nerve | Posterior hip dislocation | Posterior compartment of thigh | - |
Superior gluteal nerve | - | Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae | Trendelenburg gait |
Age | Management |
---|---|
< 6 months | Pavlik harness |
6 ~ 18 months | Closed reduction Hip spica cast |
> 18 months | Open reduction Hip spica cast |
Curvature | Management |
---|---|
10° ~ 20° | Observation |
20° ~ 40° | Spinal bracing |
> 40° | Spinal fusion |
Disorder | PTH | Ca | P | ALP | Etiology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Osteopetrosis | - | - | - | - | - |
Osteopenia Osteoporosis | - | - | - | - | - |
Paget disease | - | - | - | ↑ | - |
Osteitis fibrosa cystica | ↑ (1°) | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | 1° Hyperparathyroidism |
Renal osteodystrophy | ↑ | ↓ (1°) | ↑ (1°) | ↑ | 2° Hyperparathyroidism 3° Hyperparathyroidism |
Rickets Osteomalacia | ↑ | ↓ (1°) | ↓ (1°) | ↑ | Vitamin D deficiency |
Hypophosphatemic rickets | - | - | ↓ (1°) | ↑ | - |
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy | ↑ | ↓ (1°) | ↑ (1°) | ↑ | Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) |
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia | - | - | - | - | McCune-Albright syndrome |
Score | Condition |
---|---|
-1 ~ +1 | Normal |
-2.5 ~ -1 | Osteopenia |
< -2.5 | Osteoporosis |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
Estrogen modulators | Raloxifene |
PTH antagonists Osteoblast inducers | Teriparatide |
Osteoclast inhibitors | Bisphosphonates [-Dronates] |
RANKL inhibitors | Denosumab |
WBCs | PMNs | |
---|---|---|
Normal | < 200/mm3 | < 25% |
Non-inflammatory | - | - |
Inflammatory | ↑ | > 50% |
Infectious | ↑ | > 75% |
Gout | Pseudogout | |
---|---|---|
Deposit | Uric acid | Calcium pyrophosphate |
Shape | Needle | Rhomboid |
Birefringent | - | + |
Presentation | Tophus | Chondrocalcinosis |
Mechanism | Medication |
---|---|
COX inhibitors | NSAIDs |
NF-κB inhibitors | Corticosteroids |
Microtubule inhibitors | Colchicine |
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors | Allopurinol Febuxostat |
Urate transporter inhibitors | Probenecid |
Urate oxidase [Uricase] | Rasburicase Pegloticase |
Origin | Tumors | Location |
---|---|---|
Bone | Giant cell tumor [Osteoclastoma] | Epiphysis |
Osteoid osteoma [Osteoblastoma] | Diaphysis | |
Osteosarcoma | Metaphysis | |
Cartilage | Chondroblastoma | Epiphysis |
Enchondroma | Metaphysis | |
Osteochondroma | Metaphysis | |
Chondrosarcoma | Metaphysis | |
PNET | Ewing sarcoma | Diaphysis |
Marrow | Multiple myeloma | Diaphysis |