Ciguatoxin
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Choline uptake inhibitors | Hemicholinium | - |
Vesicular transporter inhibitors | Vesamicol | - |
ACh release inhibitors | Botulinum toxin | Muscle relaxant |
ACh release inducers | - | - |
ACh esterase inhibitors | Edrophonium | Myasthenia diagnosis |
Pyridostigmine | Myasthenia | |
Neostigmine | Muscle relaxant reversal | |
Physostigmine | Atropine antidote | |
Rivastigmine Galantamine Donepezil | Alzheimer disease | |
Organophosphates Sarin | Glaucoma | |
ACh reuptake inhibitors | - |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Tyrosine uptake inhibitors | - | - |
VMAT2 inhibitors | Reserpine Tetrabenazine Valbenazine | Huntington disease Tourette syndrome Tardive dyskinesia |
NE release inhibitors | Bretylium | Arrhythmia |
Guanethidine | Hypertension | |
NE release inducers | Ephedrine | Decongestant |
Tyramine | - | |
MAO inhibitors | Tranylcypromine Phenelzine Isocarboxazid Selegiline | Depression Anxiety Parkinson disease |
COMT inhibitors | -Capones | Parkinson disease |
Reuptake inhibitors | NRIs DRIs NDRIs TCAs SSRIs SNRIs | - |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Vesicular transporter inhibitors | - | - |
GABA release inhibitors | Tetanus toxin | - |
GABA release inducers | - | - |
GABA transaminase inhibitors | Vigabatrin | Seizure |
GABA reuptake inhibitors | Tiagabine | Seizure |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
NRIs | Atomoxetine | ADHD |
DRIs | Modafinil | Narcolepsy |
NDRIs | Methylphenidate | ADHD Narcolepsy |
Cocaine Amphetamine MDMA [Ecstasy] | - | |
Bupropion | Depression Smoking cessation | |
TCAs | -Triptylines -Pramines | Depression Anxiety OCD Cataplexy Neuropathic pain Migraine Tension headache Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) Enuresis |
SSRIs | Fluoxetine Paroxetine Sertraline Citalopram | Depression Anxiety OCD Cataplexy Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Menopause |
SNRIs | Duloxetine Venlafaxine Desvenlafaxine | Depression Anxiety OCD Cataplexy Neuropathic pain Menopause |
GRIs | Tiagabine | Seizure |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
M agonists | Bethanechol | Urinary retention |
Methacholine | Asthma diagnosis | |
Carbachol | Glaucoma | |
Pilocarpine | Glaucoma Xerophthalmia Xerostomia | |
NN agonists | Nicotine | Stimulant |
Varenicline | Smoking cessation | |
NM agonists | Succinylcholine | Muscle relaxant |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
M antagonists | Atropine Tropicamide | Mydriasis Cycloplegia |
Benztropine | Parkinson disease Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) | |
Ipratropium Tiotropium | Asthma | |
Scopolamine | Emesis | |
Oxybutynin Tolterodine | Urinary incontinence | |
Glycopyrrolate | - | |
Antipsychotics | - | |
Antidepressants :: TCAs | - | |
1° Antihistamines | - | |
NN antagonists | Hexamethonium | - |
Mecamylamine | - | |
NM antagonists | Atracurium Rocuronium | Muscle relaxant |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
α1 agonists | Phenylephrine | Hypotension Decongestant |
Midodrine | Hypotension | |
α2 agonists | Methyldopa | Hypertension |
Clonidine Guanfacine | Hypertension Tourette syndrome Opioid withdrawal | |
Brimonidine | Glaucoma | |
Tizanidine | Muscle relaxant | |
β1 agonists | Dobutamine | Inotrope |
β2 agonists | Albuterol | Asthma :: acute |
Salmeterol Formoterol | Asthma :: chronic | |
Terbutaline Ritodrine | Tocolysis | |
β agonists | Isoproterenol | - |
αβ agonists | Norepinephrine | Hypotension |
Epinephrine | Hypotension Asthma |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
α1 antagonists | Tamsulosin Terazosin Doxazosin Prazosin | BPH Hypertension Pheochromocytoma |
α2 antagonists | Mirtazapine | Depression |
α antagonists | Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine | Pheochromocytoma |
Antipsychotics | - | |
Antidepressants :: TCAs | - | |
1° Antihistamines | - | |
β1 antagonists | Acebutolol | Partial agonists |
Atenolol | Arrhythmia | |
Bisoprolol | Heart failure (HF) | |
Esmolol | Arrhythmia | |
Metoprolol | Arrhythmia Heart failure (HF) | |
β2 antagonists | - | - |
β antagonists | Nadolol | - |
Pindolol | Partial agonists | |
Propranolol | Arrhythmia Esophageal varices Hyperthyroidism Anxiety Akathisia Essential tremor Migraine Performance anxiety | |
Sotalol | Arrhythmia | |
Timolol | Arrhythmia Glaucoma | |
αβ antagonists | Carvedilol | Arrhythmia Heart failure (HF) |
Labetalol | Hypertension |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
D agonists | Dopamine | Inotrope |
D1 agonists | Fenoldopam | Hypertension |
D2 agonists | Bromocriptine | Parkinson disease Prolactinoma NMS |
Cabergoline | Parkinson disease Prolactinoma | |
Pramipexole | Parkinson disease Restless legs syndrome (RLS) | |
Ropinirole | Parkinson disease Restless legs syndrome (RLS) | |
D2 antagonists | Metoclopramide Prochlorperazine Domperidone Droperidol | Emesis |
Antipsychotics | Psychosis Huntington disease Tourette syndrome Bipolar disorder |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
5-HT1 agonists | Buspirone | Anxiety |
-Triptans | Cluster headache Migraine | |
Ergotamine | Migraine | |
5-HT2 antagonists | 2° Antipsychotics | Psychosis |
Cyproheptadine | Carcinoid syndrome Serotonin syndrome | |
5-HT3 antagonists | -Setrons | Emesis |
5-HT4 agonists | Cisapride Mosapride | Constipation |
5-HT modulators | Trazodone | Depression Insomnia |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
H1 antagonists | 1° Antihistamines: Chlorpheniramine Diphenhydramine Meclizine Promethazine | Allergy Emesis |
2° Antihistamines: Cetirizine Fexofenadine Loratadine | Allergy | |
Antipsychotics | - | |
Antidepressants :: TCAs | - | |
H2 antagonists | Cimetidine Ranitidine Famotidine Nizatidine | PUD |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
NMDA agonists | - | - |
NMDA antagonists | Memantine | Alzheimer disease |
Amantadine | Parkinson disease NMS | |
Riluzole | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | |
Dextromethorphan | Coughing | |
Ketamine Phencyclidine (PCP) | Anesthesia Hallucinogen |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
GABAA agonists | Barbiturates | Anesthesia Seizure Essential tremor |
Benzodiazepines | Anesthesia Seizure Insomnia NMS Catatonia Akathisia Bulimia nervosa | |
Propofol | Anesthesia | |
Etomidate | Anesthesia | |
Zolpidem Zaleplon Eszopiclone | Insomnia | |
Alcohol | - | |
GABAB agonists | Baclofen | Muscle relaxant |
γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) | - | |
GABAA antagonists | Flumazenil | Benzodiazepine antidote |
GABAB antagonists | - | - |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
μ-opioid agonists | Codeine | Analgesia |
Tramadol | Analgesia | |
Morphine | Analgesia Venoodilation | |
Meperidine | Analgesia | |
Oxycodone | Analgesia | |
Fentanyl | Analgesia | |
Loperamide | Diarrhea | |
Diphenoxylate | Diarrhea | |
Methadone | Opioid cessation | |
Buprenorphine | Opioid cessation | |
Heroin | - | |
μ-opioid antagonists | Naloxone | Opioid antidote |
Naltrexone | Alcohol cessation |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Somatostatin agonists | Octreotide | Acromegaly Insulinoma Esophageal varices |
Lanreotide | Acromegaly | |
GH antagonists | Pegvisomant | Acromegaly |
IGF-1 agonists | Mecasermin | Dwarfism |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors | Propylthiouracil Methimazole Iodine [Lugol] solution | Hyperthyroidism |
Deiodinase inhibitors | Propylthiouracil Propranolol Corticosteroids | Hyperthyroidism |
TH agonists | Levothyroxine Triiodothyronine | Hypothyroidism |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
GnRH agonists | Leuprolide Goserelin Nafarelin | Infertility |
GnRH antagonists | GnRH agonists | Infertility Precocious puberty Endometriosis Breast cancer Prostate cancer |
Degarelix | Prostate cancer | |
Cetrorelix Ganirelix | Infertility | |
LH agonists | Lutropin Menotropin | Infertility |
FSH agonists | Follitropin Menotropin | Infertility |
hCG agonists | Choriogonadotropin | Infertility |
Estrogen agonists | Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Mestranol | HRT Contraception |
Estrogen modulators | Clomiphene | Anovulation |
Tamoxifen | Breast cancer | |
Raloxifene | Breast cancer Osteoporosis | |
Progesterone agonists | Progestin Medroxyprogesterone Norethindrone Desogestrel | HRT Contraception |
Progesterone antagonists | Mifepristone Ulipristal | Abortion |
Aromatase inhibitors | Anastrozole Letrozole Exemestane | Breast cancer Anovulation |
Androgen agonists | Methyltestosterone | HRT |
Danazol | Endometriosis | |
Androgen antagonists | Flutamide Bicalutamide | Prostate cancer |
5α-Reductase inhibitors | Finasteride | BPH Alopecia |
Androgen synthesis inhibitors | Ketoconazole Spironolactone | PCOS |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Renin inhibitors | Aliskiren | Hypertension |
ACE inhibitors (ACEI) | -Prils | Hypertension Heart failure (HF) |
AT1 antagonists (ARB) | -Sartans | Hypertension Heart failure (HF) |
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) | Spironolactone Eplerenone | Diuretics |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
V2 agonists | Desmopressin | DI Enuresis Hemophilia A Von Willebrand disease (VWD) Uremic bleeding |
V2 antagonists | -Vaptans | SIADH |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
Oxytocin agonists | Carbetocin | Labor |
Oxytocin antagonists | Atosiban | Tocolysis |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
PGE1 agonists | Misoprostol | Labor Abortion PUD |
Alprostadil | Impotence PDA maintenance | |
PGF2 agonists | Latanoprost | Glaucoma |
PGI2 agonists | Epoprostenol | Pulmonary hypertension |
TXA2 antagonists | - | - |
LTD4 antagonists | Montelukast | Asthma |
Zafirlukast | Asthma | |
ETA antagonists | Bosentan | Pulmonary hypertension |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
PDE inhibitors | Inamrinone Milrinone | Inotrope |
Methylxanthines: Theophylline Caffeine | Asthma | |
Sildenafil Vardenafil | Impotence Pulmonary hypertension | |
Dipyridamole Cilostazol | Antiplatelet Vasodilation | |
COX inhibitors | NSAIDs: Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Diclofenac Ketorolac Meloxicam Indomethacin | Antipyresis Analgesia Inflammation Antiplatelet Tocolysis PDA closure |
Acetaminophen | Antipyresis Analgesia | |
Sulfasalazine Mesalazine | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
COX-2 inhibitors | Celecoxib | Arthritis |
LOX inhibitors | Zileuton | Asthma |
ADH inhibitors | Ethanol | Methanol antidote |
Fomepizole | Methanol antidote | |
ALDH inhibitors | Disulfiram | Alcohol cessation |
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors | Allopurinol Febuxostat | Gout |
Nitrates | Nitroprusside Hydralazine | Vasodilation |
Nitroglycerin Isosorbide | Venoodilation Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) Esophageal varices |
Mechanism | Target | Species |
---|---|---|
Cell wall inhibitors | Peptidoglycan | Bacterium |
Mycolate | Mycobacterium | |
Arabinogalactan | Mycobacterium | |
β-Glucan | Fungus | |
Cell membrane inhibitors | Phosphatidylglycerol | Bacterium |
Ergosterol | Fungus | |
Cholesterol | Human | |
Nucleotide inhibitors | Folate Purine Pyrimidine | - |
DNA inhibitors | DNA | - |
RNA inhibitors | RNA | - |
Microtubule inhibitors | Microtubule | - |
Protein inhibitors | Ribosome | - |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↓ Peptidoglycan crosslinking | Penicillin Cephalosporin Carbapenem Monobactam | Bacterium |
↓ Peptidoglycan synthase | Glycopeptide | Bacterium |
↓ Enoyl-ACP reductase | Isoniazid | Mycobacterium |
↓ Arabinosyl transferase | Ethambutol | Mycobacterium |
↓ β-Glucan synthase | Echinocandins [-Fungins]: Anidulafungin Capsofungin Micafungin | Fungus |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↑ Phosphatidylglycerol damage | Daptomycin Polymyxins | Bacterium |
↑ Ergosterol damage | Amphotericin B Nystatin | Fungus |
↓ Squalene epoxidase | Terbinafine | Fungus |
↓ Demethylase | -Conazoles | Fungus |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↓ Dihydropteroate synthase | Sulfonamides: Sulfamethoxazole Sulfisoxazole Sulfadiazine Sulfapyridine | Bacterium Protozoa |
↓ Dihydrofolate reductase | Trimethoprim | Bacterium |
Pyrimethamine | Protozoa | |
Methotrexate | Human | |
↓ IMP dehydrogenase | Ribavirin | Virus |
Mycophenolate | Human | |
↓ PRPP amidotransferase | Azathioprine | Human |
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) | Human | |
6-Thioguanine (6-TG) | Human | |
↓ Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | Leflunomide | Human |
↓ Thymidylate synthase | Flucytosine | Fungus |
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) | Human | |
↓ Ribonucleotide reductase | Hydroxyurea | Human |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↓ Reverse transcriptase | NRTI NNRTI | Virus |
↓ DNA polymerase | Acyclovir Famciclovir Ganciclovir Cidofovir Foscarnet | Virus |
Cladribine Cytarabine Gemcitabine | Human | |
↓ Topoisomerase | Fluoroquinolone | Bacterium |
↓ Topoisomerase 1 | Camptothecins [-Tecans] | Human |
↓ Topoisomerase 2 | Podophyllotoxins [-Posides] | Human |
↓ DNA methyltransferase | Azacitidine | Human |
Decitabine | Human | |
↑ DNA intercalation | Metronidazole | Bacterium |
Benznidazole | Parasite | |
Streptomycin | Mycobacterium | |
Anthracyclines [-Rubicins]: Doxorubicin Daunorubicin | Human | |
Bleomycin | Human | |
Dactinomycin | Human | |
↑ DNA crosslinking | Busulfan | Human |
Cyclophosphamide | Human | |
Nitrosoureas | Human | |
Platinums [-Platins] | Human |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↓ RNA polymerase | Rifampin | Mycobacterium |
α-Amanitin | Human |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↓ Microtubule assembly | Benzimidazole | Parasite |
Griseofulvin | Fungus | |
Colchicine | Human | |
Vinca alkaloids: Vinblastine Vincristine | Human | |
↑ Microtubule disassembly | Taxanes [-Taxels] | Human |
Mechanism | Medication | Species |
---|---|---|
↓ Protein synthesis | IFN-α | Virus |
↓ 30S ribosome :: initiation complex | Aminoglycosides | Bacterium |
↓ 50S ribosome :: initiation complex | Linezolid | Bacterium |
↓ 30S ribosome :: tRNA binding | Tetracycline | Bacterium |
↓ 50S ribosome :: peptidyl transferase | Chloramphenicol | Bacterium |
↓ 50S ribosome :: mRNA translocation | Macrolide | Bacterium |
Clindamycin | Bacterium | |
↓ Elongation factor (EF-2) | Diphtheria toxin | Human |
Exotoxin A | Human | |
↓ 60S ribosome | Shiga toxin | Human |
Shiga-like toxin | Human |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
NF-κB inhibitors | Corticosteroids | Immunosuppression |
Calcineurin inhibitors | Cyclosporine Tacrolimus | Immunosuppression |
mTOR inhibitors | Sirolimus Everolimus | Immunosuppression |
Mechanism | Medication | Indications |
---|---|---|
ABL1 inhibitors | Imatinib | Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
BRAF inhibitors | Vemurafenib | Melanoma |
C5 inhibitors | Eculizumab | Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) Neuromyelitis optica |
CD20 inhibitors | Rituximab | Immunosuppression Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
Ocrelizumab | Multiple sclerosis | |
CD52 inhibitors | Alemtuzumab | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Multiple sclerosis |
C-KIT inhibitors | Imatinib | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) |
EGFR inhibitors | Cetuximab | Colorectal cancer |
Gefitinib Erlotinib | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | |
F protein inhibitors | Palivizumab | RSV |
Gp2b/3a inhibitors | Abciximab | Antiplatelet |
HER2 inhibitors | Trastuzumab | Breast cancer |
IgE inhibitors | Omalizumab | Asthma |
IL-2R inhibitors | Basiliximab Daclizumab | Immunosuppression |
IL-6R inhibitors | Tocilizumab | Immunosuppression |
JAK2 inhibitors | Ruxolitinib | Polycythemia vera (PCV) Essential thrombocytosis Myelofibrosis |
RANKL inhibitors | Denosumab | Osteoporosis |
TNF-α inhibitors | Etanercept Infliximab Adalimumab | Immunosuppression |
VEGF inhibitors | Bevacizumab | Solid tumors Diabetic retinopathy Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) |
Ranibizumab | Diabetic retinopathy Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | |
VEGFR inhibitors | Sunitinib Sorafenib | Cancer |
Regorafenib | Colorectal cancer (CRC) | |
Pegaptanib | Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | |
α4-integrin inhibitors | Natalizumab | Multiple sclerosis Crohn disease |
Mnemonic | Medication |
---|---|
Cannot | Carbamazepine |
Properly | Propylthiouracil |
Make | Methimazole |
Circulating | Clozapine |
Granulo- | Ganciclovir |
Cytes | Colchicine |
Mnemonic | Medication |
---|---|
Cannot | Carbamazepine |
Properly | Propylthiouracil |
Make | Methimazole |
New | NSAIDs |
Blood | Benzene |
Cells | Chloramphenicol |
Mnemonic | Medication |
---|---|
Some | Spironolactone |
Drugs | Digitalis |
Create | Cimetidine |
Awesome | Alcohol |
Knockers | Ketoconazole |
Mnemonic | Medication |
---|---|
Cannot | Carbamazepine |
Concentrate | Cyclophosphamide |
Sodium | SSRIs |