Pathology

Cell Adaptation

Type Size Number MC FC
Atrophy - - -
Hypertrophy - - -
Dystrophy - - + +
Aplasia - - -
Hypoplasia - - -
Hyperplasia - - -
Neoplasia - - -
Metaplasia - - + +
Dysplasia - - + +
  • Morphological change (MC)
  • Functional change (FC)

Metaplasia

Organ Normal Metaplasia Stimulus Disease
Airways Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Squamous epithelium Cigarette Lung SCC
Esophagus Squamous epithelium Columnar epithelium Low pH & GERD Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Urinary bladder Transitional epithelium Squamous epithelium Bladder stone Bladder SCC
Endocervix Columnar epithelium Squamous epithelium Low pH Cervical SCC
Muscle Muscle Bone Trauma Myositis ossificans

Cell Necrosis

Tissue Necrosis

Tissue Infection Non-infection
General Liquefactive
Caseous
Coagulative
Brain Liquefactive Liquefactive
Blood vessel Fibrinoid Fibrinoid
Fat Fatty Fatty
Limbs
GI tract
Wet gangrene Dry gangrene

Pathological Findings

Finding Ingredients Indications
Anitschkow cell
Aschoff body
Macrophage Rheumatic fever
Asteroid body
Schaumann body
Calcium
Protein
Sarcoidosis
Auer body Peroxidase AML M3
Basophilic stippling Ribosomes Sideroblastic anemia
Call-Exner body - Granulosa cell tumor
Charcot-Leyden crystal Eosinophil Asthma
Clue cell Gardnerella vaginalis Gardnerella vaginalis
Cowdry type A HSV & VZV HSV & VZV
Cowdry type B Poliovirus
Adenovirus
Poliovirus
Adenovirus
Curschmann spirals Epithelium Asthma
Ferruginous body Asbestos Asbestosis
Foam cell Lipid Atherosclerosis
Gaucher cell Glucocerebroside Gaucher disease
Giant cell Macrophage Granuloma
Heart failure cell Hemosiderin Left heart failure
Heinz body Hemoglobin G6PD deficiency
Hirano body Actin Alzheimer disease
Howell-Jolly body Nuclear remnants Asplenia
Hurthle cell - Hashimoto thyroiditis
Lewy body α-Synuclein Parkinson disease
Lewy body dementia
Mallory body Keratin Alcoholic hepatitis
Negri body Rabies Rabies
Neurofibrillary tangle Tau protein Alzheimer disease
Orphan Annie eye - Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Owl eye CMV CMV
Pappenheimer body Ferritin Sideroblastic anemia
Pelger-Huet cell - Myelodysplasia
Pick body Tau protein Frontotemporal dementia
Psammoma body Calcium Tumor
Reinke crystal - Leydig cell tumor
Russell body Immunoglobulin Multiple myeloma
Schiller-Duval body - Yolk sac tumor
Zebra body Sphingolipid Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD)

Psammoma Body

  • Papillary thyroid carcinoma
  • Prolactinoma
  • Serous cystadenocarcinoma
  • Meningioma
  • Mesothelioma

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stain Positive Diseases

  • α1-antitrypsin deficiency
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
  • Fungal infection
  • Glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
  • Nodular glomerulosclerosis
  • Whipple disease

Laboratory Tests

Test Target Disease
Acidified glycerol lysis test Spherocytes Hereditary spherocytosis
Cold agglutinin test Anti-RBC IgM CLL
Mycoplasma
HCV & EBV & CMV
Coombs test Anti-RBC Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA)
Congo red stain Amyloid Amyloidosis
Cyanide-nitroprusside test Disulfide bond Cystinuria
Dihydrorhodamine test NADPH oxidase Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
EMA binding test Membrane skeleton Hereditary spherocytosis
Fluorescent spot test G6PD G6PD deficiency
Hydrogen breath test Lactase Lactose intolerance
  Gut bacteria Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) stain Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) AML & CML
Methylene blue reduction stain G6PD G6PD deficiency
Nitroblue tetrazolium test NADPH oxidase Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Osmotic fragility test Spherocytes Hereditary spherocytosis
Prussian blue stain Iron Hemochromatosis
Sideroblastic anemia
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) Hairy cell leukemia
Warm agglutinin test Anti-RBC IgG CLL & SLE