Immune System
Structure of Lymph Node
- Cortex
- Follicle
- Germinal center
- Mantle zone
- Marginal zone
- Follicle
- Paracortex
- Medulla
Structure of Spleen
Derivatives of Monocytes
| Name | Site |
|---|---|
| Macrophage Histiocyte | Tissue |
| Microglia | Brain |
| Alveolar macrophage | Lung |
| Kupffer cell | Liver |
| Mesangial cell | Kidney |
| Osteoclast | Bone |
| Langerhans cell | Skin |
| Hofbauer cell | Placenta |
Leukocyte Functions
| Step | Endothelium | Leukocyte |
|---|---|---|
| Rolling | Selectin | Sialyl-Lewis X (SLX) |
| Adhesion | ICAM-1 [CD54] VCAM-1 [CD106] | Integrin |
| Diapedesis | PECAM-1 [CD31] | PECAM-1 [CD31] |
| Migration | C5a & IL-8 | - |
| Phagocytosis | - | - |
| Fusion | - | Microtubule |
| Degradation | - | NADPH oxidase |
| - | Myeloperoxidase |
Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) on Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)
%20on%20Antigen-Presenting%20Cells%20(APC).png)
Complement Systems
| Pathway | Targets | Cascade |
|---|---|---|
| Classic | Antigen-antibody complexes | 142356789 |
| Alternative | Spontaneous & Microbial surfaces | 3BD356789 |
| Lectin | Microbial surfaces | L42356789 |
Respiratory [Oxidative] Burst
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Functions of Complements & Cytokines
| Molecule | Functions |
|---|---|
| C3a ~ C5a | Anaphylaxis |
| C5a | Chemotaxis |
| C3b | Opsonization |
| C5b ~ C9b | Membrane attack complex (MAC) |
| IL-1 | Fever |
| IL-2 | T cell growth |
| IL-3 | Bone marrow growth |
| IL-4 | Th1 cell differentiation IgE production |
| IL-5 | Eosinophil activation IgA production |
| IL-6 | Acute-phase protein production |
| IL-8 | Chemotaxis |
| IL-12 | Th2 cell differentiation |
| IL-10 | Anti-inflammation |
| IL-17 | Neutrophil chemotaxis |
Cytokine Secretion
| Mechanism | Cell | Cytokines |
|---|---|---|
| General | Neutrophil | - |
| Cellular :: adaptive | Th1 cell | IL-2 & IL-3 & IFN-γ |
| Tc cell | IL-2 & IL-3 | |
| Cellular :: innate | Macrophage | IL-1 & IL-6 & IL-8 & IL-12 & TNF-α |
| NK cell | IL-2 & TNF-α & IFN-γ | |
| Humoral :: adaptive | Th2 cell | IL-2 & IL-3 & IL-4 & IL-5 & IL-6 & IL-10 |
| B cell | IL-1 | |
| Humoral :: innate | Basophil | IL-4 |
| Eosinophil | - |
Cytokine Interactions
| Mechanism | Cell | Inducers | Inhibitors |
|---|---|---|---|
| General | Neutrophil | IL-1 & IL-6 & IL-8 | IL-10 & TGF-β |
| Cellular :: adaptive | Th1 cell | IL-2 & IL-12 & IFN-γ | IL-4 & IL-10 |
| Tc cell | IL-2 & IL-12 | - | |
| Cellular :: innate | Macrophage | IFN-γ | - |
| NK cell | IL-2 & IL-12 & IFN-γ | - | |
| Humoral :: adaptive | Th2 cell | IL-2 & IL-4 | IFN-γ |
| B cell | IL-3 & IL-4 & IL-5 & IL-6 | - | |
| Humoral :: innate | Basophil | IL-4 | - |
| Eosinophil | IL-5 | - |
Cell Surface Proteins
| Mechanism | Cell | Signal 1 | Signal 2 | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | Neutrophil | - | - | - |
| Cellular :: adaptive | Th1 cell | TCR & CD3 & CD4 | CD28 & CD40L | - |
| Tc cell | TCR & CD3 & CD8 | CD28 | - | |
| Cellular :: innate | Macrophage | MHC-1 & MHC-2 | B7 & CD40 | CD14 |
| NK cell | - | - | CD16 & CD56 | |
| Humoral :: adaptive | Th2 cell | TCR & CD3 & CD4 | CD28 & CD40L | - |
| B cell | MHC-1 & MHC-2 | B7 & CD40 | CD19 & CD20 & CD21 | |
| Humoral :: innate | Basophil | - | - | - |
| Eosinophil | - | - | - |
Structure of MHC
Structure of Lymphocyte Receptors
Development of Lymphocytes
T Cell Development
B Cell Development
Activation of Lymphocytes
Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells
| Th | Inducers | Secretion |
|---|---|---|
| Th1 | IL-12 | IFN-γ |
| Th2 | IL-4 | IL-4 & IL-5 & IL-6 & IL-13 |
| Th17 | IL-6 & IL-23 & TGF-β | IL-17 & IL-21 & IL-22 |
| Treg | IL-10 & TGF-β | IL-10 & TGF-β |
Activation of B Cells
Immunoglobulins {MDGEA}
| Immunoglobulin | Members |
|---|---|
| IgM | 5 |
| IgD | 1 |
| IgG | 1 |
| IgE | 1 |
| IgA | 2 |
Mechanisms of Antibody Diversity
| Mechanism | Enzymes |
|---|---|
| N-nucleotide addition | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) |
| Random recombination of VJ or VDJ genes | RAG-1 & RAG-2 |
| Random combination of heavy and light chains | - |
| Somatic hypermutation | - |