Pupillary Reflex

Conjugate Gaze

- Frontal eye fields (FEF)
- Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

Auditory Pathway

Acoustic Reflex

Symbols of Audiogram
| Right | Left |
Unmasked AC | ○ | ☓ |
Unmasked BC | < | > |
Masked AC | △ | □ |
Masked BC | ⊏ | ⊐ |
Normal Audiogram

Arterial Supply of the Nasal Septum

2022-2025, Wen-Bin Luo Revision
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